Greek alphabet
  Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω  
  α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω  
    ϐ     ϵ     ϑ   ϰ           ϖ ϱ ς     ϕ        

Greek alphabet, lowercase superscripts and subscripts
  ᵅ ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵋ     ᶿ ᶥ                     ᶷ ᵠ ᵡ      
  α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω  
    ᵦ ᵧ                           ᵨ       ᵩ ᵪ      


Latin alphabet, lowercase superscripts and subscripts
  ᵃ ᵇ ᶜ ᵈ ᵉ ᶠ ᵍ ʰ ⁱ ʲ ᵏ ˡ ᵐ ⁿ ᵒ ᵖ   ʳ ˢ ᵗ ᵘ ᵛ ʷ ˣ ʸ ᶻ  
  a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z  
  ₐ       ₑ     ₕ ᵢ ⱼ ₖ ₗ ₘ ₙ ₒ ₚ   ᵣ ₛ ₜ ᵤ ᵥ   ₓ      

Latin alphabet, uppercase superscripts
  ᴬ ᴮ   ᴰ ᴱ   ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴼ ᴾ   ᴿ   ᵀ ᵁ ⱽ ᵂ        
  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z  

Number superscripts and subscripts
  ⁰ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹  
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  
  ₀ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄ ₅ ₆ ₇ ₈ ₉  

Operator superscripts and subscripts
  ⁺ ⁻ ⁼ ⁽ ⁾  
  + - = ( )  
  ₊ ₋ ₌ ₍ ₎  
    -  

Operators
minus − (not -, hyphen)  
plus +  
plus or minus ±  
minus or plus ∓  
multiplication ×  
division ÷  

Fraction bar (horizontal bar)
――  

Common fractions
  ⅟  
  ½ ⅓ ¼ ⅕ ⅙ ⅐ ⅛ ⅑ ⅒  
  ⅔ ⅖  
  ¾ ⅗ ⅜  
  ⅘  
  ⅚ ⅝  
  ⅞  

Equalities
  ≃ ≈ ≡  

Inequalities
  ≠ ≤ ≥  ≪ ≫  

Algebra
Square root (radical) symbol
  √  
  ⎷  

Logic
  ¬ not

Vectors
   ͢ vector decoration
  ⨯ cross product
  ⋅ dot operator, dot product, scalar product
  ∙ bullet operator
  • bullet
  ∧ exterior product
  ‖ vector length

Arrows
  →  

Derivatives
  ∂ ∆ ∇  

Integrals
  ∫ ∬ ∭ ∮ ∰ ∱ ∲ ∳  
⌠
⎮
⌡

Tensors
  ⊗ Tensor product

Quantum mechanics
  ħ h-bar
  ‸ hat
  Å angstrom

Prime (e.g. for derivatives or variable pairs)
  ′  

Dagger (e.g. for Hermitian adjoint)
†

Degrees (angles and temperatures)
  °  
Officially deprecated (do not use):
  ℃ (degrees Celsius)
  ℉ (degrees Fahrenheit)
  K (Kelvin, not K)

Tall parenthesis and curly braces
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

⎧ ⎫
⎨ ⎬
⎩ ⎭

Angle brackets
  〈〉  

Triple dots:
  ⫶  
  ⁝  
  ⋮  

Dotted Latin letters:
  abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz  
  ȧḃċḋėḟġḣ    ṁṅȯṗ ṙṡṫ  ẇẋẏż  
  ȦḂĊḊĖḞĠḢİ   ṀṄȮṖ ṘṠṪ  ẆẊẎŻ  

Using combining dot above:
  ̇k ̇l ̇u ̇v  

In my font, only u and v look very good.

    
Sources:

CC0
To the extent possible under law, Nathaniel Beaver has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to common-math-unicode. This work is published from: United States.